66. This version of events leading up to the 21 September decree dissolving the old parliament is drawn largely from the second volume of Yeltsin's memoirs: Boris Yeltsin, Zapiski prezidenta (Moscow: Izdatelstvo Ogonyek, 1994), pp. 349-367.

67. Yeltsin's account of the leadup to the fall crisis described a 12 September meeting in Staroye Ogarevo, during which he informed Grachev, Foreign Minister Kozyrev, then Security Minister Golushkov, and Internal Minister Yerin about the draft decree dissolving parliament. According to Yeltsin, all four ministers approved the draft, as did Prime Minister Chernomyrdin on the following day when he returned from a trip to the United States. Associated Press Worldstream, 9 April 1994.

68. D. Makarov, "The Military Between Yesterday and Tomorrow," Argumenty i fakty, No. 44, November 1993, pp. 8-9.

69. Fond Obshchestvennoye Mneniye. V pole zreniye, No. 41, October 1993, pp. 2-4.

70. Yeltsin's description of these events is found in Zapiski, pp. 378-387.

71. Other accounts present a slightly different pictureCone in which Yeltsin made repeated telephone calls for help to Grachev, who responded evasively, claiming, "The army is above politics." See Vasiliy Kononenko, Izvestiya, 5 October 1993, p. 2. See also interview with Yeltsin ally Poltoranin, 11 October 1993 and Izvestiya, 12 October 1993, p. 4.

72. Izvestiya, 13 October 1993, p. 8.

73 Yelstin, Zapiski, p. 381, 383. Yeltsin's memoirs contain the most damaging indictment of military inaction in the face of rioting. In earlier accounts of the military's role, Yeltsin conceded that "there were indeed problems" in terms of the army's participation in resolving the conflict: "I had to be 100 percent sure that this order would be carried out." Yeltsin interview to Stern magazine, reprinted in Rossiyskaya gazeta, 4 November 1993, pp. 1,4. See also the account of the events of 3/4 October provided by Yeltsin aid General Dmitriy Volkogonov in Reuters, October 18, 1993.

74. Yeltsin, Zapiski, pp. 383-384.

75. Yeltsin, Zapiski, p. 385.

76. Yeltsin's account indicates that the President did, in fact, have his aide prepare a written directive to Grachev authorizing him to command a military operation to seize the White House. Yeltsin, Zapiski, p. 386.

77. After the 3/4 October events, Grachev indignantly denied all reports that he or Defense Ministry forces were reluctant to come to Yeltsin's aid. See Grachev interview in Komsomolskaya pravda, 8 October 1993. First Deputy Defense Minister Andrey Kokoshin, in response to sharp questioning from interviewer Yegor Yakovlev, justified Grachev's reluctance by saying that it was a difficult moment for the Defense Minister, who was trying to minimize bloodshed. Obshchaya gazeta, No. 26 (51), 1-7 July 1994, p. 4.

78. Irina Savveyeyeva, "Where Was the Army? It Was Ascertaining Who the People Were Behind," Komsomolskaya pravda, 5 October 1993, p. 3.

79. Grachev interview in Komsomolskaya pravda, 8 October 1993, p. 2. Gromov has tried to distance himself publicly from the MOD's involvement in the White House attack: "I was not a participant in the October crisis." Interview with B. Gromov in Argumenty i fakty, No. 8, February 1994, pp. 1,5.

80. Most surveys of military servicemen or military officers in 1992 and 1993 found that Rutskoy was more popular than Yeltsin and tended to score best among servicemen. See for instance, V. Mukhin, "A Year after the Putsch: How Does the Army Live?" Armiya, No. 18, September 1992, pp. 47-49; Aleksey Levinson, "Leave Everything As It Is," Izvestiya, 2 December 1993, p. 2; "Aleksandr RutskoyCMost Popular Russian Politician," Interfax, 1439 GMT, 13 October 1992.

81. A. V. Buzgalin and A.I. Kolganov, Krovavyy oktyabr v moskve. Khronika, svidetelstva, analiz sobytiy. 21 sentyabryaC 4 oktyabrya 1991 goda. (Moscow, 1993), pp. 29-30, 62.

82. Interview with Grachev in Moskovskiy komsomolets, 8 October 1993.

83. Izvestiya, 7 October 1993.

84. "Yeltsin Army Aide Says Officials Wavered in Coup," Retuers, 18 October 1993; and "Moscow Emergency Ends as General Admits Close Shave," The Press Association Limited, Press Association Newsfill, 18 October 1993.

85. See, for instance, interview with Lt Gen Leonid Ivashov, "Black October: Facts and Fabrications," Komsomolskaya pravda, 20 October 1993, p. 2.