Título: Brazil’s cooperative leadership in Southern Latin America’s security policies Autor: Daniel Flemes Editorial: dissertation.de - Verlag im Internet GmbH Lugar: Berlín , Alemania Año: 2006 Idioma: inglés BRAZIL’S COOPERATIVE LEADERSHIP IN SOUTHERN LATIN AMERICA’S SECURITY POLICIES The book focuses on Brazil's role within the regional security- and defence policy cooperation, while ascribing great importance to the cooperation with the South American major players Argentina and Chile. The defence cooperation between the Amazon State and its neighbours against traditional threats goes back to the 1990ies. But the latest development shows great progress on the common containment of transnational threats (organized crime and international terrorism). The following question is posed: What contribution does Brazil as a self-appointed regional leader make to the development and consolidation of a security community in Southern Latin America and at what stage of development is this security political cooperation process at present? To answer these questions the author developed a three-layered research design, which is supposed to explain the genesis of the Brazilian security policy by means of influencing factors on the levels of analysis state and society, intraregional relations and international system. This conceptual contribution to the theoretical literature helps to establish which influencing factors promote or constrain the formulation of a cooperative or non-cooperative Brazilian security policy on the respective level of analysis and by this the development and consolidation of a security community. The book fills a major gap in the current literature on regional cooperation in Latin America by the empiric analysis of influencing factors to the regional security cooperation such as Brazilian civil-military relations, intraregional defence policy cooperation or the U.S. security interests in Southern Latin America. Principal findings: Brazil has played a decisive role in the development of a security community in Southern Latin America and is making a profound contribution to its consolidation and intensification at present. Brazil's establishing as cooperative, regional leading power has particularly positive effects on the security political cooperation in the subregion. In this connection the cooperative nature of the Brazilian security- and defence policy is especially shown by the close partnership with the Argentine neighbour. The stable axis between Brasilia and Buenos Aires forms a "strategic centre of gravitation" of the security community, which other South American states feel increasingly attracted by. Chile holds an exceptional role in the bilaterally organised defence cooperation. In the context of the Mercosur even the smaller states of the integration alliance participate in the multilaterally organised security political containment of non-military threats, such as drug trafficking and arms trade, money laundering and international terrorism. On the other hand the principle of national sovereignty is so deeply rooted in Argentina, Brazil and Chile that supranational decision making processes - especially in the so called high politics, which security- and defence policies belong to in particular - do not even play a part in an intellectual finality of the security political process of integration in Southern Latin America. http://www.dissertation.de/englisch/index.php3?active_document=buch.php3&sprache=2&buch=4580 Contents: Acknowledgements Plan of the book Tables and figures Index of abbreviations Introduction First Chapter Theoretical approach and research design 1. The puzzle: Brazil's contribution to the constitution of a subregional security community and determination of its state of integration 2. State of research and further case selection 2.1. Competing explanations of security political cooperation in Southern Latin America: The need for deeper theoretical reflection 2.2. Further case selection and period of investigation: Argentina, Brazil and Chile since the system transformations to democracy 3. Theoretical approach: Overarching debates and constitutive elements of security political cooperation 3.1. Macro-theoretical debate 3.2. On the security community-approach 3.3. Other forms of security cooperation between states 4. A three-layered research design 4.1. Levels of analysis 4.2. Deriving and applying the working hypotheses 4.2.1. The level of analysis state and society 4.2.2. The level of analysis intraregional relations 4.2.3. The level of analysis international system Second Chapter Level of analysis state and society: Civil-military relations as a crucial factor for Brazil's security policy 1. Introduction 2. Democracy and political culture in Brazil 2.1. Definitions on civic culture research 2.2. Continuity and change of Brazil's political culture 3. Military, state and society in historical perspective: On the genesis of current civil-military relations in Brazil 3.1. The historical disproportion between state and society in Brazil and its consequence for the civil-military relations 3.2. Internal closure of the military institutions versus atomised civil society: Hierarchy and discipline as competitive advantages in the process of political transition 3.3. The roots of the current insufficient civil control: Political transition under conditions of military supremacy 4. The development of the Armed Forces' prerogatives in post-authoritarian Brazil 4.1. The concept of military prerogatives 4.2. Sarney: Laying down the prerogatives of the Armed Forces in the Constitution of 1988 4.3. Collor: Autocratic enclosure of authoritarian enclaves 4.4. Franco: Presidential weakness and repeated extension of the prerogatives 5. The military prerogatives in synchronic perspective: Cardoso's mixed balance sheet at the anchoring of civil control 5.1. The politics-dimension: Achilles' heel of the Cardoso-administration in the civil-military relation 5.1.1. Military wages and defence budget: Bribed into silence in the barracks? 5.1.2. The ambivalent attitude of the Armed Forces towards their new mission: Fighting against domestic crime 5.1.3. By force of arms against social movements? The Brazilian Army in the fight against the landless and striking workers 5.2. Institutional progresses: Law about Disappeared People, National Defence Policy and civilianly run Ministry of Defence 5.2.1. The Law of the Disappeared People 5.2.2. The Política de Defesa Nacional (PDN) from 1996 5.2.2.1. The contents of the PDN 5.2.2.2. A critical appreciation of the PDN 5.2.3. Threat scenarios and defence strategies of the Brazilian Armed Forces 5.2.3.1. The Armed Forces Joint Staff: Protection of the national sovereignty 5.2.3.2. The Brazilian Navy: Sheer rhetoric of deterrence 5.2.3.3. The Brazilian Air Force: Strategic discretion 5.2.3.4. The Brazilian Army: Foe image USA 5.2.4. Intermediate result: Multiplicity of actors as impediment on the way to a Brazilian white book on defence 5.2.5. The Brazilian Ministry of Defence: Development and role in the institutional system 5.2.5.1. The organisation of the new Ministry of Defence 5.2.5.2. The effects of the new Ministry of Defence on the civil-military relations 6. Brazil's system of national security - A survey 7. Reasons for intransparency and cacophony: Autonomy of the armed services and redundant institutions on the security sector 8. Military and Parliamentary control in Brazil 8.1. Theoretical remarks on the institutional context in Latin America 8.2. The policy of defence in Latin America 8.3. Competences and instruments of the Brazilian Defence Committees 8.4. Causes for the deficient legislative- and control function of the Brazilian Congress in the defence sector 8.5. Conclusion: Insufficient Parliamentary control over the security institutions 9. Military prerogatives and civil neglects: The consequences for Brazil's security political orientation at the beginning of the 21st century 9.1. The Brazilian Amazon region as local centre for the national threat perception 97 9.2. The participation in peace missions of the United Nations as a vital element of the national security strategy? 9.3. Enclosure of the national security risks by regional cooperation? Third Chapter Level of analysis intraregional relations: Brazil's regional security cooperation between bi- and multilateralism 1. Introduction 2. Bilateral relations between Argentina, Brazil and Chile in historic perspective 2.1. Foreign- and security political relations until the re-democratisation of the ABC-countries 2.1.1. Argentine-Brazilian relations 2.1.2. Argentine-Chilean relations 2.1.3. Brazilian-Chilean relations 2.2. Foreign- and security political relations between the ABC-countries since the transitions to democracy 2.2.1. Argentine-Brazilian relations 2.2.2. Argentine-Chilean relations 2.2.3. Brazilian-Chilean relations 3. Transparency in defence political core areas: Defence planning, arms trade and military budget 3.1. White books on defence 3.2. Mutual transparency in arms trade 3.3. Publication of the military budgets 3.4. Intermediate result: Insufficient transparency in the defence political core areas of the ABC-states 4. Brazil's defence political cooperation between dominant armed services and marked bilateralism 4.1. The special relationship between Argentina and Brazil 4.2. The Brazilian-Argentine Consultation and Coordination Mechanism for International Security- and Defence issues (MCC) 4.2.1. The operating level: Mecanismo de Análisis Estratégico (MAE) 4.2.2. Critical appreciation of MCC and MAE 4.3. The bilateral working groups for defence policy (GTBD) 4.3.1. Grupo de Trabalho Bilateral de Defesa between Brazil and Argentina 4.3.2. Grupo de Trabalho Bilateral de Defesa between Brazil and Chile 4.4. The military cooperation: Conferences, common manoeuvres, training cooperation, personnel exchange and technical collaboration 4.4.1. Confidence building measures of the Brazilian Army 4.4.2. Confidence building measures of the Brazilian Air Force 4.4.3. Confidence building measures of the Brazilian Navy 4.4.4. Confidence building measures of the Brazilian Joint General Staff 4.5. The UN-peace mission in Haiti: Heading towards a multilateral security- and defence policy led by Brazil? 4.6. Intermediate result: The starting institutionalisation of the Argentine-Brazilian axis 5. Multilateral containment of transnational threats: The institutionalisation of the security political cooperation in the Mercosur5.1. The foreign political coordination in the Mercosur 5.2. The work of the Conference of the Home Secretaries of the Mercosur 5.2.1. The General Plan for Regional Security 5.2.2. The data bank for information relevant to the security (SISME) 5.2.3. The police cooperation on the operative level 5.2.4. The Mercosur-Centre for Police Training 5.3. Organized drug trafficking 5.4. International terrorism 5.5. Money laundering 5.6. Intermediate result: Heading towards a regional security policy 6. Impediments and perspectives on the way towards a subregional security community in the South of Latin America 6.1. National determining factors: Different degrees of civil supremacy in the ABC-states 6.2. Subregional security cooperation: Historic legacies and diverging policy goals 6.3. International system: The future role of the subregion Fourth Chapter Level of analysis international system: Global U.S. ambitions as window of opportunity for Brazil's positioning as cooperative regional power? 1. Introduction 2. Brazil's nuclear policy in the centre of the US-foreign- and security policy 2.1. Bilateral security relations after World War II: Brazil's futile waiting for U.S. nuclear know-how 2.2. Nuclear policy of the generals: Diversification of cooperation partners for the development of civil and military atomic technology 2.3. Nuclear policy of the New Republic: Re-rapprochement with the U.S. and imbedding into the network of international control regimes 2.4. Latest controversies over the Brazilian nuclear program: Strategic divergence of interest between Brasilia and Washington? 3. The consequences of September 11 - International terrorism and organised crime as driving forces of the Inter-American security relations? 3.1. Argentine, Brazilian and Chilean reactions to the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington 3.2. U.S. security policy post 09/11/2001: The US-American Latin America policy against the background of the "War against Terrorism" and the Iraq-intervention 3.3. New threat scenarios as a trigger for a new order of the Inter-American Security System? 3.3.1. The development of the Inter-American System until the suicide attacks of September 11 3.3.2. Reflection of September 11 and the reorientation of the U.S. security policy within the Inter-American Security System 3.4. Consequences of the new U.S. policy for the bilateral security relations between Brazil and the USA 3.4.1. Brazil's response to the Iraq-campaign and the rogue state-policy of the Bush administration 3.4.2. The Amazon as local centre of bilateral divergences: International drug trafficking and Plan Colombia 4. Brazil's interlocking with the international system 4.1. Brazil's contradictory role as advocate of a global governance-architecture and safeguard of national sovereignty 4.2. Brazil's economic integration on the hemispheric and global level: FTAA and WTO - Cooperation forums or conflict arenas? 4.3. Vision of a European-Latin American partnership: Underdeveloped security dialogue against the background of convergence of political interests 5. Intermediate result Findings and perspectives 1. Brazil's comprehensive contribution to the emergence of a subregional security community 1.1. Restricted willingness for cooperation in state and society 1.2. Trusting and institutionalised intraregional relations 1.3. Brazil's establishing as cooperative regional power in the international system 2. Stage of development and perspectives of the subregional security community Bibliography 1. Treaties, agreements, declarations and statistics 1.1. Brazil 1.2. Other countries 1.3. Bilateral agreements and declarations 1.4. Multilateral agreements and declarations 1.4.1. MERCOSUR 1.4.1.1. Agreements of the Reunión de Ministros del Interior 1.4.1.2. Meeting records of the Reunión de Ministros del Interior of the Mercosul 1.4.1.3. Decrees of the Consejo del Mercado Común (CMC) 1.4.1.4. Resolutions of the Grupo del Mercado Común (GMC) 1.4.1.5. Meeting Records of the Foro de Consulta y Concertación Política (FCCP) 1.4.1.6. Meeting Records of the Reunión Especialzada de Drogas (RED) 1.4.2. Resolutions, reports and statistics of other international organisations 2. Secondary Literature 3. International Newspapers and Press Agencies List of interview partners Appendix