48. A poll of urban residents on 24 August asked respondents whether their attitude toward the military had changed recently. 49% said that their was no change and 30% said their attitude had improved; only 12% said that their attitude had worsened. Another poll, this time limited to Moscow residents, asked respondents whether their attitude to the military had changed following the events of 19 August. 50% reported no change; 26% said their attitude to the military had improved; and 12% said that it had worsened. Both polls were done by VTsIOM. (A. Levinson, "Army and Putcsh," Armiya, No. 21, November 1991, pp. 49-51.) VTsIOM polls, like most other surveys that attempt to tap public trust or confidence in institutions, consistently have shown that the military is among the most highly trusted institutions, first in the USSR and now in Russia.

49. "Armed Forces Must Be Unified. USSR Defense Minister's News Conference," Krasnaya zvezda, 7 September 1991, p. 1. See also the 5 November press conference by Defense Minister Shaposhnikov, "The USSR State Council Says 'Yes' To Unified Armed Forces," Krasnaya zvezda, 7 November 1991, p. 1.

50. Vasiliy Izgarshev, "To Whom to Swear Allegiance," Pravda, 16 December 1991, pp. 1-2; Vyacheslav Lukashevich, "The Army Seemingly Has to Choose Again," Krasnaya zvezda, 12 December 1991, p. 1; and V. Litovkin, "The Supreme Commander in Chief Meets with the Armed Forces Leadership," Izvestiya, 12 December 1991, p. 1.

51. Nikolay Andreyev, "Whom Will the Army Follow?" Izvestiya, 11 December 1991, p. 3.

52. D. Makarov, "The Military Between Yesterday and Today," Argumenty i fakty, No. 44, November 1993, pp. 8-9.

53. Interview with General Pyankov, "Major Maneuvers in a Mine Field," Trud, 9 January 1992, p. 4. See also V. Pasyakin, "The Division of the Navy Means Its Destruction," Krasnaya zvezda, 10 January 1992, p. 1; Izvestiya, 4 January 1992, p. 1, and 7 January 1992, p. 1.

54. An early February poll taken in all branches of the Armed Forces indicated that 80% favored a unified military doctrine. Krasnaya zvezda, 14 February 1992, p. 1.

55. Aleksandr Putko, "Sentiments in the Army Worry the Military Itself," Nezavisimaya gazeta, 5 February 1992, p. 2. For more detailed breakdown of results by service tenure, see Elena Koneva, "Real Support for Army Reform," Nezavisimaya gazeta, 20 February 1992, p. 2.

56. P. Zalesskiy, "What Officers Demand Today," Armiya, No. 15, August 1992, pp. 12-13. See also V. Mukhin, "The Year After the Putsch: How Does the Army Live?" Armiya, No. 18, September 1992, pp. 47-49.

57. "On Organizational Measures to Create the Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces of the Russian Federation," Rossiyskaya gazeta, 9 May 1992, pp. 1,2.