86. A survey of urban residents a month after the attack on the White House asked respondents were satisfied or dissatisfied with Yeltsin's activities during the intervening month. Only a quarter a quarter (mainly entrepreneurs) were satisified. Found Obshchestvennoye Mneniye. V pole Zreniye, No. 48, November 1993, pp. 2-4.

87. In response to the questin, "who possesses the real power in Russia today?" 23% of urban residents named the mafia; 22% said nobody; and 19% found it difficult to answer. Only 14% named President Yeltsin. Fond Obshchestvenniy Mneniye, "Viewpoint," Interfax, 7 April 1994.

88. In February 1994, 46% in a survey of urban residents said it was time for Yeltsin to step down and 20% were undecided; only 34% wanted him to stay on. In September 1993, by contrast, only 30% said it was time for Yeltsin to step down, while 41% said he should stay on. Fond Obshchestvenniy Mneniye, "Viewpoint," 17 March 1994.

89. Grachev's remarks were made in an address to cultural works and reported in Interfax, 1 April 1994. See also the Novosti newscast, 1700 GMT, 2 April 1994.

90. Washington Post, 22 October 1993, pp. A1, A28.

91. Local electoral commission chiefs from the Far East reported that the LDP was particularly popular among servicemen in the Far Eastern and Baykal military districts. (Moscow Interfax, 13 Dec 93) However, voters in districts heavily populated by personnel from the Black Sea Fleet appeared to endorse the LDP, buy by a smaller margin than the rest of the country; only 19% of those voter (vice nearly 1/4 in the country as a whole) voted for the LDP on the party lists. (Moscow Interfax, 13 Dec 93) In the military port of Kaliningrad, 29% endorsed the LDP (Paris AFP, 13 Dec 93). Up to 43.3% of the servicement stationed in Tajikistan voted for the LDP; and additional 11.4% endorsed the CP. (Moscow, Interfax, 13 Dec 93) The LDP also led among Russian servicemen stationed in Georgia. (Moscow Mayak Radio Network, 15 Dec 93). 40% of voters in Turkmenistan, where the majority of voters were officers and family members, supported the LDP (Moscow, Interfax, 14 Dec 93) Nearly one third of the voters in some Moscow region garrisons supported Zhirinovskiy (Aleksandr Mnatsakyan, "The Success of Political Toadyism, Rossiya, No. 51, 15-21 Dec 93, p. 1.)

92. Yeltsin press conference, 22 Dec 93, Moscow Ostankino Television. Yeltsin was responding to a question from an Australian journalist. Reports about military voting preferences were shrilly denied by the Defense Ministry, which argued that most servicemen voted in open voting stations. ("The Army and the Elections," Krasnaya zvezda, 17 Dec 93, p.1.) At the same time, however, the Defense Ministry claims that 74% of servicement endorsed the Constitution-a claim that seems questionable if the Ministry's position that the military vote is buried in civilian voting stations is true. (Pavel Felgengauer, "The Army Voted no Worse and No better that the People," Segodnya, 15 Dec 93, p.1.

93. Round Table Interview with FCS Director Sergey Stepashin in Literaturnaya gazeta, No. 24, 15 June 1994, pp. 1.

94. Albert Khraptovic, "Dangerous Symptoms Against a Background of Inactivity of Power," Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 June 1994, p. 2.

95. Colonels A. Nikolayev and P. Vladimirov, "Presidential Edict Gives Another 83 Men Strips on Their Trousers. But What is the Opinion of Ordinary Officers?" Novaya yezhednevnaya gazeta, 8 July 94, pp. 1-2.

96. Itar-TASS, 23 Dec 93.

97. See, for instance, Oleg Savelyev, "Another Election on the Way," Moskovskaya pravda, 8 Feb 94, p. 1.

98. A. Olson and Ye. Petrenko, Parlamentskiye vybory I oprosy obshchestvennogo mneniyo vrossii vo vtoroy polovine 1993 goda. Moscow, 1994.

99. Ppublic Opinion foundation. Interfax Viewpoint Report, 10 February 1994.

100. Oleg Savelyev, "Another Election on the Way," Moskovskaya pravda, 8 February 1994, p. 1; Oleg Savelyev, "Rating Falls. This Time, On Zhirinovskiy," Moskovskiy komsomolets, 12 February 1994, p. 1; Interfax Viewpoint Report, No. 4, January 1994; Oleg Savelyev, "Russians on the State Duma's Initial Performance," Moskovskiy komsomolets, 29 December 1993, p. 3; Vladimir Shokarev, "Who Voted for the LDPR," Izvestiya, 30 December 1993, p. 4; Dmitriy Volkov, "The LDP as a Party of the Soviet Working Class," Segodnya, 24 December 1993, p. 2.

101. Oslon and Petrenko, Op cit.

102. On the military's defense budget campaign, see Izvestiya, 12 May 1994; Segodnya 11 May 1994; Interfax 19 May 94; Interfax 19 May 94; TASS 23 May 94; NTV 22 May 94, Krasnaya Zvezda, 16 June 1994, p. 3; Interfax, 1 June 94.

103. Interview with Lt Gen Lebed, "Aleksandr Lebed: Life Itself Compels Generals to Engage in Polities," Izvestiya, 20 July 1994, pp. 1-4.

104. "14th Army Officers Demand Lebed remain Army Commander," Itar Tass, 8 Aug 94; and Russian Officers Threaten Rebellion Over Lebed Dismissal, Paris AFP, 4 Aug 94.

105. Yeltsin Praises General Lebed's Role in Dniester Region, Radio Rossii, 15 August 1994.

106. Grachev's comments were recorded in an interview with Moscow NTV, 1500 GMT 26 August 1994.

107. Moscow's abortive attempt to remove Lebed is not the first time Yeltsin and Grachev have been faced by officers unwilling to allow Moscow to decide who is in charge of a particular military command. Similar protests ensued in the summer of 1992 when Moscow tried to remove another controversial regional commander-Admiral Kasatonov-from the Black See Fleet. Yeltsin eventually was able to remove Kasatonov (in December 1992), but only after promoting him to first deputy Commander in Chief of the Navy, a post where he continues to enjoy access to the media and speaks out with impunity on the fate of the Black Sea Fleet and Crimea. Another example is the May 1994 firing of Admiral Gurinov, command of the Pacific Fleet, who was removed for negligence after an ammunition dump under his command exploded. A few days later, the Pacific Fleet officers directed an appeal to Yeltsin, asking him to reconsider Gurinov's removal. Although Moscow refused in this case to back down from its decision to fire Gurinov, none of the officers who protested his dismissal appear to have been punished.

108. "Former Commander Varennikov Acquitted of Treason," ITAR-Tass World Service, 11 Aug 94. See also "Gorbachev: Varennikov Verdict Bad for Russia, Democracy," Interfax, 12 August 1994; "Filatov Condemns Court Ruling," Interfax, 12 August 1994; "Varennikov To Reveal Little Known Fact of Aug 91 Events, Ostankino Television Network," 12 Aug 94; and "1991 Coup Organizer Says Gorbachev Should Face Trail," ITAR-Tass, 9 Aug 94